OBSE works out of the box for retail copies of Oblivion but not for Steam version on Linux. Here are the simple steps to make OBSE to work in Steam

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1. Install Oblivion
2. Install OBSE
3. Open the terminal and enter the following commands. Replace /path/to/Oblivion/directory/ with the Oblivion folder.

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cd "/path/to/Oblivion/directory/"
printf '\x90\x90\x90' | dd conv=notrunc of=obse_loader.exe bs=1 seek=$((0x14cb)) 
printf 'obse_loader\x00' | dd conv=notrunc of=OblivionLauncher.exe bs=1 seek=$((0x1347c))