América Latina & Caribe

In an op-ed for the Wall Street Journal shortly after being sworn in as Donald Trump’s Secretary of State, Marco Rubio, speaking to the “America’s First” policy of the new administration, emphasized the necessity for the U.S. to pay “closer attention to our own neighborhood,” namely the Western Hemisphere. Almost two months into Trump’s second presidential term, from his cabinet picks, to the threat of tariffs and attacks on immigration, and to the promises of recapturing the Panama Canal, that much is self-evident.

Amid the growing crisis of U.S. hegemony and the return of great power conflict, Trump touted his policy of “Peace Through Strength” as the answer for the woes facing U.S. imperialism, on the campaign trail and while in office. Far from the shoring up of a post-WWII order shaped and led by U.S.-led multilateralism that Joe Biden so desperately wanted to revive after Trump’s first term, Trump’s return to office has been marked by his doubling down on a go-it-alone policy for the country. Saying that he is the best “dealmaker” for the U.S., Trump’s “art of the deal” has relied on leveraging the great power of U.S. capital to reassert U.S. dominance.

Nowhere is this clearer than in Latin America, which Trump has deemed central to his foreign policy agenda. In the aforementioned op-ed, Rubio wrote that Trump’s “foreign policy agenda begins closer to home.” Giving color to Trump’s supposed vision, Rubio goes on to explain how the central task of shoring up U.S. hegemony requires lining up the countries of Latin America which they see as “long neglected” for decades — behind U.S. leadership. In other words, behind Trump’s America-first agenda for the hemisphere that is set to be the “Monroe Doctrine 2.0”.

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Seized from here

Posting Morena memes here since i know you nerds like them

They send you more monopoly money for your undervalued commodities than the inflated commodities you get from them? Commodities that you yourself undervalued in monopoly money so you can be picked as the most pathetic dog? LMAO

BYD, China's largest automaker, seemed poised last year to build its first factory in Mexico, but then Donald Trump returned to the White House.

A project that was expected to create 10,000 jobs and cost approximately $600 million has stalled amid Donald Trump's trade war, which escalated this week when he announced new tariffs on cars.

Now, the budding relationship between China and Mexico has cooled as the two sides distance themselves. Mexico, led by President Claudia Sheinbaum, has been appealing to Trump to avoid a conflict with its main trading partner.

"At the moment, we are not actively seeking Chinese investment," said Cindy Blanco, Secretary of Economic Development of Jalisco, the state where Guadalajara, the potential site of the BYD factory, is located. "We are very aware of the implications. Therefore, we are seeking an agenda aligned with that of the United States."

Meanwhile, China has shown its detachment from Mexico, as it moves closer to the United States and rejects Chinese imports. For example, China's Ministry of Commerce delayed approval of BYD's plant in Mexico over fears that the technology could leak to the United States, the Financial Times recently reported.

This is a major change from just a few years ago. During Trump's first term, the United States imposed tariffs on Chinese imports, prompting Chinese companies to invest in construction operations in Mexico to avoid the levies.

The COVID-19 pandemic subsequently disrupted global supply chains, making Mexico and its proximity to the United States, including a new free trade agreement with the country, even more attractive. Groundbreaking ceremonies for facilities built by Chinese companies became commonplace. This is no longer the case.

“This whole geopolitical chess game has affected Chinese companies’ willingness to invest in Mexico,” said Laura Acacio, manager of Jiangyin Hongmeng Rubber Plastic Product, in a January interview.

China Plans to Invest in Peru

The Chinese medical supply manufacturer is seeking to expand into nearby Peru due to the existence of a new port connected to Shanghai and the Peruvian government's greater receptiveness to Chinese companies than the Mexican government, he said.

Peru has the added attraction of having signed a free trade agreement with the United States that went into effect in 2009. "There is a perception on the part of the Chinese government that the Mexican market has changed a lot," Acacio said.

Direct investment by Chinese companies in Mexico exceeded $2 billion in each of the last three years, according to data from the Latin American and Caribbean Academic Network on China. This figure is almost double that of a decade ago.

Some of that money has gone to the Hofusan Industrial Park, a large farm about 190 kilometers from the U.S. border, partially backed by Chinese investment.

Up to 40 companies with ties to China operate there, according to César Santos, president and co-owner of Hofusan. These include furniture manufacturer Kuka Home, electronics company Hisense, and auto parts manufacturers.

But Trump has tried to prevent Chinese companies from avoiding tariffs through Mexico. The president announced that 25 percent tariffs on Mexico would take effect on March 4, but later postponed them until April 2 to allow for further negotiations. These tariff threats caused some companies to reconsider opening plants in Hofusan.

A report by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO in Latin America and the Caribbean) indicates that Argentina, with a 9.4% decline, was the country that suffered the largest industrial decline in the world in 2024, the first year of Javier Milei's administration. Furthermore, due to greater trade openness announced by the government, the organization foresees a worrying 2025 for the sector.

The second country with the largest decline was Togo, followed by Ireland (the country Milei mentioned as an example for Argentina), Hungary, Germany, and Estonia. At the other end of the spectrum, Rwanda had the largest growth, with almost 15%.

The information was published this Tuesday on the Twitter account of Misión Productiva, a network of professionals that promotes debate in Argentina on development, production, innovation, and quality employment and seeks to build a space for public debate where productive development increasingly occupies a place in the country's economic debate.

"Behind this decline is primarily the sharp drop in domestic demand, in a context of falling real wages, especially during the first half of the year, and the contraction of traditionally driving activities, such as construction," they noted on social media, adding to the causes of this decline "the dismantling of industrial policies" since "financing lines for SMEs, sector promotion programs, and technological development tools were eliminated."

Looking ahead to 2025, they analyze that "it looks worrying for industry" since "the government is pushing for greater trade openness in a context marked by a strong appreciation of the exchange rate, which will weaken the manufacturing industry. History shows that this combination is very damaging to the local industry."

In an unprecedented election, the candidate of the ruling party and the candidate of the Citizen Revolution party monopolized more than 88% of the valid votes, even though there were almost 16 candidates.

Right-wing Ecuadorian President Daniel Noboa and progressive Luisa González clinched first and second place in the first round of Ecuador’s presidential elections, winning a combined 88% of the valid votes. The two candidates will dispute the Presidency of the Republic on April 13.

According to data from the National Electoral Council, so far, right-wing President Daniel Noboa of the National Democratic Action (ADN) party won 44.29% of the valid votes, while Luisa González, of the Correist Citizen Revolution party, obtained 43.85%. This means that there is more or less a difference of 42,000 votes between the top two candidates out of the more than 10 million people who voted. In third place is the Indigenous leader Leonidas Iza with 5.26% of the Pachakutik party and in fourth place is the right-wing candidate Andrea González with 2.71%. The remaining twelve candidates obtained, individually, less than 1%. Between them, they add up to only 3.89%.

The last time a candidate obtained such a high first-round vote was in 2013, when then-president Rafael Correa reached 57% (thus winning the presidency in the first round). Banker and future president Guillermo Lasso (2021-2023) had won 23%, and former president Lucio Gutiérrez (2003-2005) won 7% of the valid votes. However, it had never happened before that the leading candidates obtained such a high and, at the same time, similar vote share.

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Son 20 capsulas dramatizadas, de no más de 30 minutos, que hacen un recorrido histórico desde la invasión de América por españoles y portugueses hasta el nuevo imperio impuesto por Estados Unidos. Producida por José Ignacio y María López Vigil.

La pueden escuchar y descargar desde:

• archive.org
• radialistas

The avocado, alligator pear or avocado pear (Persea americana) is an evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It is native to the Americas and was first domesticated in Mesoamerica more than 5,000 years ago. It was prized for its large and unusually oily fruit. The tree likely originated in the highlands bridging south-central Mexico and Guatemala. Avocado trees have a native growth range from Mexico to Costa Rica. Its fruit, sometimes also referred to as an alligator pear or avocado pear, is botanically a large berry containing a single large seed. Sequencing of its genome showed that the evolution of avocados was shaped by polyploidy events and that commercial varieties have a hybrid origin. Avocado trees are partly self-pollinating, and are often propagated through grafting to maintain consistent fruit output. Avocados are presently cultivated in the tropical and Mediterranean climates of many countries. Mexico is the world's leading producer of avocados as of 2020, supplying nearly 30% of the global harvest in that year.

The fruit of domestic varieties have smooth, buttery, golden-green flesh when ripe. Depending on the cultivar, avocados have green, brown, purplish, or black skin, and may be pear-shaped, egg-shaped, or spherical. For commercial purposes the fruits are picked while unripe and ripened after harvesting. The nutrient density and extremely high fat content of avocado flesh are useful to a variety of cuisines and are often eaten to enrich vegetarian diets.

In major production regions like Chile, Mexico and California the water demands of avocado farms place strain on local resources. Avocado production is also implicated in other externalities, including deforestation and human rights concerns associated with the partial control of their production in Mexico by organized crime. Global warming is expected to result in significant changes to the suitable growing zones for avocados, and place additional pressures on the locales in which they are produced due to heat waves and drought.

Taxonomy and evolution

The genus Persea to which the avocado belongs is considered to have a North American origin, with Persea suggested to have diversified in Central America during the Pleistocene epoch. The modern avocado is thought to have speciated from other Persea during the Pleistocene, estimated at around either 1.3 million or 430,000 years ago. A number of authors, including Connie Barlow in her 2001 book The Ghosts of Evolution, have speculated that the avocado is an "evolutionary anachronism" with megafaunal dispersal syndrome (a concept originally proposed in the 1980s by Paul S. Martin and Daniel H. Janzen[30]), arguing that the avocado likely coevolved dispersal of its large seed by now-extinct megafauna. Barlow proposed that the dispersers included the gomphothere (elephant relative) Cuvieronius, as well as ground sloths, toxodontids, and glyptodonts.

Etymology

The word avocado comes from the Spanish aguacate, which derives from the Nahuatl (Mexican) word āhuacatl [aːˈwakat͡ɬ], which goes back to the proto-Aztecan *pa:wa. In Molina's Nahuatl dictionary "auacatl" is given also as the translation for compañón "testicle", and this has been taken up in popular culture where a frequent claim is that testicle was the word's original meaning. This is not the case, as the original meaning can be reconstructed as "avocado" – rather the word seems to have been used in Nahuatl as a euphemism for "testicle".

In Central American, Caribbean Spanish-speaking countries, and Spain it is known by the Mexican Spanish name aguacate, while South American Spanish-speaking countries Argentina, Chile, Perú and Uruguay use a Quechua-derived word, palta. The Nahuatl āhuacatl can be compounded with other words, as in ahuacamolli, meaning avocado soup or sauce, from which the Spanish word guacamole derives.

Cultivation

Domestication, leading to genetically distinct cultivars, possibly originated in the Tehuacan Valley in the state of Puebla, Mexico. There is evidence for three possible separate domestications of the avocado, resulting in the currently recognized Guatemalan (quilaoacatl), Mexican (aoacatl) and West Indian (tlacacolaocatl) landraces. The Guatemalan and Mexican and landraces originated in the highlands of those countries, while the West Indian landrace is a lowland variety that ranges from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador to Peru, achieving a wide range through human agency before the arrival of the Europeans. The three separate landraces were most likely to have already intermingled[a] in pre-Columbian America and were described in the Florentine Codex. As a result of artificial selection, the fruit and correspondingly the seeds of cultivated avocados became considerably larger relative to their earlier wild forebears millennia before the Columbian exchange.

The earliest residents of northern coastal Peru were living in temporary camps in an ancient wetland and eating avocados, along with chilies, mollusks, sharks, birds, and sea lions. The oldest discovery of an avocado pit comes from Coxcatlan Cave, dating from around 9,000 to 10,000 years ago. The avocado tree also has a long history of cultivation in Central and South America, likely beginning as early as 5,000 BC. A water jar shaped like an avocado, dating to AD 900, was discovered in the pre-Inca city of Chan Chan.

Production

In 2020, world production of avocados was 8.1 million tonnes, led by Mexico with 30% (2.4 million tonnes) of the total (table). Other major producers were Colombia, Dominican Republic, Peru, and Indonesia, together producing 35% of the world total. Despite market effects of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, volume production of avocados in Mexico increased by 40% over 2019 levels.

In 2018, the US Department of Agriculture estimated that 231,028 hectares (570,880 acres) in total were under cultivation for avocado production in Mexico, a 6% increase over the previous year, and that 2 million tonnes would be exported. The Mexican state of Michoacán is the world leader in avocado production, accounting for 80% of all Mexican output. Most Mexican growers produce the Hass variety due to its longer shelf life for shipping and high demand among consumers.

Market

Seventy-six percent of Mexico's avocado exports go to the United States, with the free trade agreement between the US, Canada and Mexico in July 2020 facilitating avocado shipments within the North American free trade zone.

Culinary

The fruit of horticultural cultivars has a markedly higher fat content than most other fruit, mostly monounsaturated fat, and as such serves as an important staple in the diet of consumers who have limited access to other fatty foods (high-fat meats and fish, dairy products). Having a high smoke point, avocado oil is expensive compared to common salad and cooking oils, and is mostly used for salads or dips.

A ripe avocado yields to gentle pressure when held in the palm of the hand and squeezed. The flesh is prone to enzymatic browning, quickly turning brown after exposure to air. To prevent this, lime or lemon juice can be added to avocados after peeling.

It is used in both savory and sweet dishes, though in many countries not for both. The avocado is common in vegetarian cuisine as a substitute for meats in sandwiches and salads because of its high fat content.

Generally, avocado is served raw, though some cultivars, including the common 'Hass', can be cooked for a short time without becoming bitter. The flesh of some avocados may be rendered inedible by heat. Prolonged cooking induces this chemical reaction in all cultivars

It is used as the base for the Mexican dip known as guacamole, as well as a spread on corn tortillas or toast, served with spices. Avocado is a primary ingredient in avocado soup. Avocado slices are frequently added to hamburgers and tortas and is a key ingredient in California rolls and other makizushi ("maki", or rolled sushi).

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Article in spanish

The love affair of Mexicans with the president continues 100 days after her arrival to power, with approval percentages reaching 80%, four points more than just a month ago. There are not many elements yet to qualify a good government, but nor to criticize it, so that citizens feel satisfied with the vote they cast in the elections, which raised Claudia Sheinbaum as the person with the most votes in the country's recent history. . “A huge disaster would have to have occurred for a person who received so many votes to lose support in such a short time,” says Heidi Osuna, director of Enkoll, the house that carried out this survey for EL PAÍS and W Radio between the 3rd and the January 5 through 1,203 interviews in homes. The retrospective vote is always higher than the real vote, that is, when people are asked who they voted for in the previous elections, the majority side with the winner. That is also what happens now with Sheinbaum. And whoever lost the most, the most preferences are taken away. It's the Matthew effect.

Very clear Marxist-Leninist language there comparing Viv Ansanm with the CPC/KMT alliance in occupied China. Kim Ives doesn't hold back in actual interviews.

But as usual, fantastic analysis on Haiti class dynamics.

On this day in 1959, U.S.-backed Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista fled the country following the victory of Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement (M-26-7) at the Battle of Santa Clara, marking the successful conclusion of the Cuban Revolution.

The 26th of July Movement takes its name from the date of with a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953, however, the movement bearing this name was not formally organized until the attackers were released from prison in 1955. Public resistance continued sporadically until November 1956, when 80 members of the M-26-7 returned from exile.

Soon after landing on the island, a separate revolutionary group, the "Directorio Revoluncionari Estudiantil" (DRE), unsuccessfully attempted an attack on the Presidential Palace in Havana.

Throughout 1957, armed resistance from groups such as the DRE and M-26-7 would escalate. After a failed offensive by the government against rebels in the summer of 1958, the rebels launched a major counter-offensive.

On December 28th, 1958, after a fraudulent election in favor of Batista, revolutionary forces reached the city of Santa Clara. Seizing equipment from an armored train intended to transport government reinforcements, the rebels quickly captured the city, prompting Batista to panic and flee to the Dominican Republic with a personal fortune of more than $300 million.

In the following days, revolutionary forces entered Havana with no resistance, and Castro established a provisional government. The 26th of July Movement later reformed along Marxist–Leninist lines, becoming the Communist Party of Cuba in October 1965.

Batista later settled in fascist Spain, dying there in 1973 at the age of 72.

The Motorcycle Diaries by Ernesto "Ché" Guevara

Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War by Ernesto "Ché" Guevara

History Will Absolve Me by Fidel Castro

To the U.N. General Assembly, The Problem of Cuba and its Revolutionary Policy by Fidel Castro

r/Communism Cuba and Fidel Castro Megathread

r/Communism Another Cuba and Fidel Megathread

lecture from Michael Parenti about Cuba

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• ❤️Foundations of Leninism
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On Sunday, United States President-elect Donald Trump said that his new administration will try and regain control of the Panama Canal.

His statements drew rebuke from Panama President Jose Raul Mulino.

What did Trump say?

Trump brought up the Panama Canal at AmericaFest, an annual event organised by conservative group Turning Point.

“We’re being ripped off at the Panama Canal like we’re being ripped off everywhere else,” he said at the Arizona event, adding that the US “foolishly gave it away”.

After Trump’s statement, he and Panamanian President Mulino traded barbs.

“Every square metre of the Panama Canal and the surrounding area belongs to Panama and will continue belonging [to Panama],” Mulino said in a recorded statement published on his X account.

Trump reposted a news article about Mulino’s statement on his Truth Social platform, captioning it: “We’ll see about that”.

On Saturday in a Truth Social post, Trump also hinted at China’s growing influence over the Panama Canal. “It was solely for Panama to manage, not China, or anyone else,” he wrote. “We would and will NEVER let it fall into the wrong hands!”

China does not control the canal. However, a Hong Kong-based corporation, CK Hutchison Holdings has operated two of the canal’s ports, located on the Caribbean and Pacific entrances, since 1997.

In his Sunday statement on X, Mulino also said that China does not have influence over the Panama Canal.

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Me llamo Bijhan Agha. Me trasladé a Uruguay hace muchos años huyendo de la violencia. Aquí puedo perseguir mi sueño de ser creadora de cómics. He hecho este cómic, "Los Legendarios Caballeros X", para expresarme y expresar mi amor por los superhéroes, tanto de los cómics estadounidenses como de la televisión japonesa. Hay artes marciales, travesuras de espías, monstruos, poderes elementales y drama. Estamos haciendo un Kickstarter para imprimir el cómic en inglés. Pero si te comprometes por 1 dólar americano, y me envías un mensaje privado en Kickstarter pidiéndolo, recibirás el cómic digital en español. Lo traduje yo mismo, pero también lo verifiqué con mis amigos uruguayos por si acaso. Me ayudaron con modismos y terminología sudamericana más reciente.

Si esto te parece interesante, por favor, comprométete aquí: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/jamsheedstudios/the-legendary-x-knights-issue-1-the-legend-begins/

Caracas (OrinocoTribune.com)—The president of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro, welcomed the heads of state and government of the ALBA countries as well as all the delegations that will participate at the 24th Summit of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples’ Trade Treaty (ALBA-TCP) at the Simón Bolívar Convention Center in La Carlota, Caracas, on Saturday, December 14.

Earlier on Friday, in a preparatory meeting at the Foreign Ministry headquarters, >Venezuelan Foreign Minister Yván Gil said, “At the heart of the revolutionary, anti-imperialist and Bolivarian Caracas, we are celebrating the 20th anniversary of the founding of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples’ Trade Treaty, the vital nucleus of the independence, dignity and sovereignty of the Great Homeland … Two visionaries like Commanders Chávez and Fidel were able to unite their capabilities and take the bold step, full of convictions and morals, to urge Latin America and the Caribbean that we must move forward, build together and unite all the forces of a heroic continent that has achieved so many feats for centuries, for its definitive liberation.”

The heads of state who attended the summit were the presidents of Nicaragua, Daniel Ortega; of Bolivia, Luis Arce; of Cuba, Miguel Díaz-Canel; the prime ministers of Dominica, Roosevelt Skerrit; Antigua and Barbuda, Gastón Browne; and of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Ralph Gonsalves.

After bilateral meetings and special activities, the heads of state and government and the delegations were scheduled to hold a private meeting, and in the afternoon they toured the exhibition depicting the achievements of ALBA-TCP during its 20 years of existence.

The meeting was also attended by more than 80 leaders of social and popular movements from 30 countries, belonging to the ALBA Movements.

Venezuela, Cuba, Bolivia, Nicaragua, Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Grenada and Saint Lucia are the member countries of this regional bloc that is essential in the current international scenario headed by the US and European imperialist powers.

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On April 14, 2023, Brazilian president Lula da Silva arrived at Beijing’s Great Hall of the People to meet with President Xi Jinping on his official state visit, his first since being reelected into the presidency in January 2023. Welcoming him was a band playing a popular Brazilian song released in 1980, called “Um Novo Tempo” (“A New Era”) by Ivan Lins, a song marking the transition out of a twenty-year military dictatorship. “A New Era” also fittingly describes the new stage that Lula’s return signified for China-Brazil relations, which had been strained under former president Jair Bolsonaro.

In 1993, Brazil was the first country to establish a “strategic partnership” with China, a relationship that has deepened and broadened at an impressive rate since. In fact, according to the Brazilian government, since Lula’s first visit to China twenty years ago in 2004, trade between the two countries had increased twenty-one times, with Brazilian exports surpassing the $100 billion barrier for the first time this year. Lula’s visit resulted in fifteen agreements and $10 billion in investments from China, which included expanded collaboration in space, digital economy, the automotive industry, and renewable energy, among others sectors.

This year, Brazil and China celebrate fifty years of official diplomatic relations. In this historic year, there are a few highly anticipated events, including the June meeting of the Sino-Brazilian High-Level Partnership and Cooperation Commission, the main mechanism of bilateral dialogue created during Lula’s first term. The presidents are set to meet during Xi’s November state visit to Brazil, which is hosting the G20 Leaders’ Summit. The importance of the Sino-Brazilian relationship cannot be underestimated in the context of the rise of the Global South, the decline of U.S. hegemony, and the emergence of a New Cold War. With a look back into the history of bilateral relations, how can we understand the importance of these two countries in the current conjuncture in pushing forward changes unseen in a century?

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