Every few days, the IDF Arabic Spokesman, Avichay Adraee, issues an evacuation order to Gaza residents. The wording is almost always identical: "The IDF is operating with great force to destroy terror organizations. For your safety’s sake, evacuate immediately." A map marking forbidden areas in red accompanies the announcement.
This is precisely where frequent changes are made: a darker shade of red marking the new forbidden area. It gets added to all the other, constantly expanding, red areas. The evacuation order has no expiration date. Areas that the army marked red never become clear again.
Even a quick peek at the maps reveals that the permitted area for two million residents is shrinking. The forbidden areas already constitute 82 percent of the Gaza Strip, stuffing them into the remaining 18 percent. Since Israel violated the cease-fire three months ago, 680,000 people have been forced to leave their homes, including 242,000 in just the past month.
The result is growing population density in the evacuee camps, a decline in living conditions, the spread of infectious diseases, loss of privacy and worsening mental stress — particularly among women and girls.
“It has become much more crowded since Operation Gideon’s Chariots began,” Gazan journalist Eman Hillis told Haaretz, “The entire north was evacuated to Gaza City. Even within the city, the dangerous areas expanded from Shujaiyeh to new areas, like Tufah, Zaytun and the Old City.”
"Even areas considered safe were evacuated, and residents are setting up tents anywhere they can," Hillis added. "There’s an open field in the city that the municipality used for months as a garbage dump. People couldn’t find free space, so they moved the garbage piles and set up tents between them. It’s a very, very sad place. People even put up tents in the middle of the street, but the municipality negotiated with them to move."
Territory is shrinking
The overcrowding is visible even from space. Tent encampments, like in Khan Yunis, Gaza City and other places, were destroyed and evacuated. Tents have popped up in every available space in the remaining areas outside the red zone, mainly in Muwasi in southern Gaza and in western Gaza City. There, tents were put up along the beach, on the piers stretching into the sea, between the ruins, on sidewalks and roads and within garbage dumps. Thousands of other displaced people are crowding within schools and public buildings amid worsening conditions.
The crowdedness is also palpable in the Damour camp for displaced persons, which the Damour for Community Development organization established with the support of the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies. The camp has 4,000 registered residents, but the people running services for the camp estimate that another 20,000 displaced people have arrived. They built tents in the alleys and around the compound.
The camp, which was also supposed to provide basic education for children and a community kitchen, is struggling to function. So, children there, like children elsewhere in Gaza, haven’t gone to school for nearly two years. "We’re currently in survival mode," said Barak Talmor, who managed the Arava Institute’s Jumpstarting Hope in Gaza program.
And there’s another difficulty. Anyone who manages to get their hands on food will have a hard time finding a place to assemble a meal. The tents don’t have enough space to cook, and most things are done at their entrances. The lucky ones cook on a fire they built from wood fragments or cardboard. Others are forced to burn plastic, causing foul and hazardous smells that pollute the atmosphere.
Victoria Rose, a British physician who volunteered until recently at Nasser Hospital in Khan Yunis, said that many of the injured patients she treated included children who were injured in the displaced persons camps, many of them suffering burns from fire or boiling water.
One toilet per 200 people
The overcrowding makes daily life in Gaza insufferable, even regarding the most basic needs. Although several tent camps have proper public bathrooms, most residents are forced to rely on improvised toilets built over cesspools or jerry-rigged collection devices. Consequently, a pungent stench develops, and privacy is hard to maintain.
In some tent areas, there is only one toilet per 10 families. Most are separated only by a sheet of cloth or plastic that doesn’t offer sufficient privacy. There is approximately one toilet per 200 people in the displaced persons camp that the Arava Institute and Damour organization built. The World Health Organization recommends a ratio of no more than 20 people per toilet.
Women and girls suffer the most from the overcrowding. A UN report warned recently that many Gazan women avoid drinking water, so they won’t need to pee. Many women avoid walking to a bathroom or shower, lest strange men see them. Moreover, women are taking measures to stop their monthly period because they lack hygienic products. The UN also reported that nursing women have stopped breastfeeding because they have no privacy to do so. Hundreds of thousands of women in Gaza are dealing with emotional distress stemming from a lack of privacy and basic hygiene.
The Palestinian Center for Human Rights collected accounts indicating that women fear going to the bathroom during the day due to feelings of shame. They also fear going at night because of the packs of dogs wandering among the tents. “Gaza is a conservative society,” Hillis said. “When you live in a tent and people see you, it’s challenging for women. They need to always wear a hijab.”
S., a 38-year-old Gazan, told the center: “I found myself cramped inside a tiny tent with my brother-in-law’s family. We’re on top of each other, with no space, no privacy, no sleep, not an ounce of dignity. I never remove my hijab and clothes, day or night, like I’m holding onto my last thread of modesty. Sometimes, I wait 10 days to shower. I’m suffering from lice and constantly feel disgusted with myself.”
Another woman, Riham, described how three families were living together in a classroom that measures 8 square meters. A cloth screen separates the families.
“I’m forced to sleep fully dressed, always on the edge, scared of any movement around me. I hold my blanket, looking for a shred of security among strangers,” Riham said. “The only thing separating us, the cloth, doesn’t afford privacy. I’m always worried I could be exposed.”
Tortuous nights
Fleas, mosquitoes, mice, rats and parasitic worms all thrive in the conditions created in the Gazan camps. If that weren’t enough, bombings destroyed the sewage system. The facilities that are still operating are partially shut down due to fuel shortages. The Israel Air Force also destroyed engineering equipment that the municipalities used in Gaza to clear away debris and garbage. Today, the authorities have limited capabilities to act — another factor contributing to the growth of pests. “Biologists could write entire research papers on the insects growing here,” the Arava Institute’s Talmor says.
Moreover, water is collecting amid the ruins and tens, providing ideal sites for mosquitoes. However, Israel doesn’t allow the introduction of chemicals that could treat the danger or sewage system equipment to prevent the creation of pools. Consequently, they cause residents constant suffering. “The nights are torturous. Everyone is scratching themselves and covering themselves up from head to toe,” one Gazan told the Palestinian Information Center. “But then it’s too hot and they remove something, and then the mosquitoes ambush them, and that’s how it is all night.”
“Pools are found everywhere possible near the tents because people use water, and these pools attract mosquitoes,” Hillis confirmed. “It’s become a serious problem in Gaza. The rodents also get in everywhere in the tent and can ruin the food. People often find worms crawling around the tent or ants crawling on the mattress. The sand is also very bothersome, especially when there’s wind. The displaced people eat bread with sand.”