You can probably just swap the SSD if your dock uses a protocol that Windows' bootloader can understand. Some USB 3.2/Thunderbolt docks just seem to work with Windows, albeit a bit slower because of hubs and such that aren't always top quality.
Just try it. It either boots or it doesn't. If it doesn't, it's probably a massive pain to get working in the dock (best of luck to you if you'll still try).
You should also check for updates/update your new SSD's firmware, probably under Windows. Not a lot of brands make Linux installers and the automatic tools that check compatibility generally aren't part of the Linux firmware downloads.
Re: file transfer: make sure you have your Bitlocker recovery key, or disable encryption on the Windows partition so you can access it in Linux. Other than that, just copy over the files. Linux can read Windows' file system just fine. If you load the right drivers, Windows can also read file systems like btrfs or ext4 just fine.