A key finding from the survey is that the galaxies are maturing faster in several ways than researchers previously believed. For one, the galaxies are more chemically enriched than expected, which means they have produced more heavy elements, in particular carbon and oxygen, than was thought possible during this early age of the cosmos.
As galaxies evolve, pockets of gas within them condense and ignite into stars. The new stars churn out heavy elements like carbon, which then become building blocks for the next generation of stars. Ultimately, these heavy elements (referred to as metals in astronomy) are required to make planetary systems, and even humans, in the case of our own solar system.
"How do metals form in less than 1 billion years? It was a surprise to see such chemically mature galaxies," Faisst says. "It's like seeing 2-year-old children act like teenagers."