To be explicit. If its not e2e, it's sent and recieved and logged in plaintext. Tuta can opt to encrypt it, then store it, after the fact. But you cant verify that they do. Even though they claim to. Only messages (which is not mail) between tuta customers are e2e as i understand it.
Use signal. (Or for mail: i am going to shill purelymail which is awesome)
Fedora har the same free software ethos. You can enable varies various not free repos, just like in debian. I doubt it's a real problem? Might just have been lucky.