To clarify, I am not talking about making installation media. My installation USB works just fine. What I want to do is install Debian 12 Bookworm to a second USB drive to use as the permanent boot drive for a machine.
As for why I want to do this: I have a small HP elitedesk 800 G3 mini-pc. It has both an NVMe drive and a 2.5" SATA drive. I want to turn it into a file server with RAID 1 between the NVMe and SATA drives, with a USB drive in the back as the boot drive (yes I know about the issues of wear-out from running an OS from a USB drive. I am okay with this).
My procedure so far has been simple: insert both the installation USB and the target USB. I am able to detect and install the OS to the target USB without issue. The system then reboots and I am able to log into the OS from the USB drive (performance depends a lot on the speed of the USB drive being used, I have tried a few different types and settled on an abnormally fast USB drive which performs pretty well as far as I can tell).
However, as soon as I shut down from that first boot and remove the install USB, the next time I boot, the BIOS says "boot device not found" as though it cannot detect any OS. And after that I am completely unable to boot into that drive ever again. I have gone into the BIOS and changed as many settings as I can think of, such as turning off secure boot, turning off fast boot, verifying that the boot order is set to boot from USB. Nothing so far has worked.
Does anyone have any thoughts for what could be wrong? I know sometimes booting from a USB is treated differently from booting from a internal drive, but I am unclear on the exact details of this.
Any help would be much appreciated.
It is an HP Omnibook 7, model 16T-BH000. Mine is 16", but it also comes in a 14" model called 14T-HG000 with the same 300 series processors if that is your preferred size.
It has an aluminum chassis, and I got mine configured with a 120Hz OLED screen. 70Wh battery on the 16" and 68Wh on the 14", though a 3% difference in battery is probably not enough to be noticeable. The 14" weighs around 1.44kg/3.17 lbs while the 16" weighs 1.96kg/4.32 lbs. I think that is actually a smidge lighter than the Macbooks, but not as light as something like the LG gram or the Asus Expertbook series, though I can't speak for either of those as I have never owned them.
HP runs sales on their website frequently, so while my configuration normally would have cost around $2200 USD, I got it on sale for around $1600.
Edit: though I guess per your criteria above, yes, it does come with Windows installed and I ended up putting in a second SSD and installing Linux on that. Buying my own SSD was cheaper than upgrading to a 2TB option on their website, and it has two NVMe slots, so now I can dual boot as well. Also bear in mind that in a Macbook, the SSD is soldered to the motherboard and non-removable.