I don't know off the top of my head. I think that Clonezilla can modify images in such a way as they can be booted on a different type of device. My knowledge of the black magic of boot sectors and partition stuff is lacking. Also, you'd have to make sure the motherboard/BIOS is properly configured for reading the device in the same way that the original device was read. UEFI/BIOS stuff can be a pain in the ass to get right.

So my short answer is probably, but I wouldn't be able to walk you through something like that. Wish I could be more helpful.

Yes it can, but it’s up to your BIOS to be able to boot it. UEFI might work better, you still might need to manually add the boot entry to the efivars using efibootmgr. Many distributions also have documentation for a rescue boot and reinstalling the bootloader config.

In general, no, this won't work. In your case, you're lucky since at least the Surface Go is using an x86 CPU, so it's not completely out of the question, but transferring the image as-is to a completely different device typically does not work without modification.

Simple example: your target device might not refer to existing hardware (let's say a storage medium) in the same manner as your old device, so the existing references in your cloned image won't work. There are other issues of course, e. g. missing drivers for different hardware present on the target device.

It's possible to modify the image so it would boot, but given the Surface runs Windows, that's going to be a chore. I'd consider this an interesting project if bored on a slow weekend, but I'd most likely just do a filesystem backup of relevant data and call it a day.