Julius Nyerere, born on this day in 1922, was a socialist and anti-colonial Tanzanian politician who promoted a Pan-Africanist ideology known as Ujamaa, which means "extended family" or "brotherhood" in Swahili.
Julius Kambarage Nyerere was born on April 13, 1922 in Butiama, on the eastern shore of lake Victoria in north west Tanganyika. His father was the chief of the small Zanaki tribe. He was 12 before he started school (he had to walk 26 miles to Musoma to do so). Later, he transferred for his secondary education to the Tabora Government Secondary School. His intelligence was quickly recognized by the Roman Catholic fathers who taught him. He went on, with their help, to train as a teacher at Makerere University in Kampala (Uganda). On gaining his Certificate, he taught for three years and then went on a government scholarship to study history and political economy for his Master of Arts at the University of Edinburgh (he was the first Tanzanian to study at a British university and only the second to gain a university degree outside Africa. In Edinburgh, partly through his encounter with Fabian thinking, Nyerere began to develop his particular vision of connecting socialism with African communal living.
On his return to Tanganyika, Nyerere was forced by the colonial authorities to make a choice between his political activities and his teaching. He was reported as saying that he was a schoolmaster by choice and a politician by accident. Working to bring a number of different nationalist factions into one grouping he achieved this in 1954 with the formation of TANU (the Tanganyika African National Union). He became President of the Union (a post he held until 1977), entered the Legislative Council in 1958 and became chief minister in 1960. A year later Tanganyika was granted internal self-government and Nyerere became premier. Full independence came in December 1961.
In 1962, Nyerere was elected the first president of Tanganyika, a predecessor to modern Tanzania and a newly independent republic. His administration emphasized decolonizing society and the state, also unsuccessfully pursuing a Pan-Africanist East African Federation with Uganda and Kenya.
In 1967, Nyerere issued the "Arusha Declaration", forbidding government leaders from owning shares or holding directorates in private companies, receiving more than one salary, or owning any houses that they rented to others. In compliance with this declaration, Nyerere sold his second home and his wife donated her poultry farm to a local co-operative.
Nyerere’s integrity, ability as a political orator and organizer, and readiness to work with different groupings was a significant factor in independence being achieved without bloodshed. In this he was helped by the co-operative attitude of the last British governor — Sir Richard Turnbull. In 1964, following a coup in Zanzibar (and an attempted coup in Tanganyika itself) Nyerere negotiated with the new leaders in Zanzibar and agreed to absorb them into the union government. The result was the creation of the Republic of Tanzania.
Nyerere's government also aided in liberation struggles elsewhere in Africa, training and aiding anti-apartheid South African groups and helping to depose Ugandan ruler Idi Amin. In 1985, Nyerere stepped down as President and was succeeded by Ali Hassan Mwinyi in a notably peaceful and stable transition of power.
"Unity will not make us rich, but it can make it difficult for Africa and the African peoples to be disregarded and humiliated."
Julius Nyerere
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Theory:
loving umineko, what a banger. could definitely use an editor but it's one of the best VNs I've read thus far
What's it actually about?
it is impossible to talk about the premise of Umineko without spoiling Umineko, so I'll just give you the initial hook
Ushiromiya Kinzo is a bitter alcoholic mogul who had rebuilt his family's fortune from the ashes lives reclusively in his mansion on Rokkenjima, an island he'd privatized off the coast of Tokyo. He has been given three months to live by his attending physician due to his extreme drinking habits, and is suggested by them to write a will. He is a father of four, and the grandfather to their kids. He harbors great antipathy towards the idea of leaving an inheritance, but has one regret—not seeing Beatrice once more before he is to pass.
Ushiromiya Battler
is an eighteen-year old who had prior cut ties with the Ushiromiya Family due to an antagonism between him and his father, Rudolf, in part due to his remarrying to his stepmother Kyrie, though he does not have misgivings towards her. He went to live with his maternal grandparents for six years, but circumstance forced him to return in time for the annual family conference at Kinzo's mansion
He re-meets his three cousins—George (23), Jessica (18), Maria (9)—and their respective parents—Eva and Hideyoshi, Krauss and Natsuhi, and Rosa—as well as the staff that work on Rokkenjima—Ronoue Genji, Terumasa Nanjo, Gohda Toshiro, Kumasawa Chiyo, Shannon, and Kanon.
To put names to details:
"family head""first child, heir""Krauss' spouse""child of Krauss and Natsuhi""second child, second-in-line""Eva's spouse""child of Eva and Hideyoshi""third child, third-in-line""Rudolf's spouse""child of Rudolf, stepchild of Kyrie""fourth child, fourth-in-line""child of Rosa""head butler""attending physician""chef""servant""servant""servant"These eighteen people will be the only ones on the island for the next few days as a typhoon is coming in.
It is known that Kinzo had to take vast loans in order to gain the monetary fund to make the investment streak that propelled him to his current wealth. There are two rumors that are passed around the halls of Kinzo's mansion:
In the halls, under a portrait Kinzo had hung of the supposed witch, lies a cryptic epitaph, of which I will only provide the first stanza:
The parents seek to discuss matters of splitting the dead-man-walking Kinzo's inheritance. The children seek to catch up with each other after a while. The servants self-proclaim to be 'furniture,' so if they'd had anything they sought, it'd be a hard time getting it out of them. Kinzo wants to see Beatrice one last time.
The rest, I will leave out. I highly recommend it. The first few hours are a bit of a drag, and there are a few anime moments at the start. It gets extremely good a few scenes after they get onto the island, a few hours in. I finished Episode 1 last night, and I'm on Episode 2 of 8.
Thank you for the detailed writeup. Sounds interesting.