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Rubies and sapphires are both the same mineral with different impurities but this is very wrong. Tourmaline, garnet, spinel, emerald, topaz, beryl, ...?
I was going to point out that some of the stones you mentioned are semiprecious stones but it turns out that "gemstone" actually includes precious and semiprecious stones. Also, the distinction between the two is arbitrary and mostly based on how expensive they were in the Copper Age. TIL.
Beryl and emerald are also (basically) the same thing. Just different impurities giving a different color.