Linux
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The place to start is searching "How to do x in Linux (or the name of the specific distro you're using)?". If you are trying to figure out how to do something with a specific program searching for "How to do x in {program} on Linux?". I've been using Linux for years and still need to look up the syntax for commands or a reminder on how to do things. I would also focus on learning things that you actively need so you can apply what you learned immediately. I definitely agree with you that see what is actually installed can be a mess. There's so many different installation methods that it's nigh impossible to have a single unified interface. I would try to stick with one installation method as much as possible so most things are able to be listed in one spot.
For how to apply things it's common to feel overwhelmed with the complexity of certain tasks. It's important to try and break that down into smaller parts. An example of something I was recently dealing with was getting SSH access from an external network setup on a server that is running NixOS. There's so many steps to take to get that setup, but each individual step is easy to do. I broke down the problem like this:
sudo dnf install openssh openssh-server. I can find those package names by runningdnf search sshor "SSH server on fedora".sudo systemctl enable sshdandsudo systemctl start sshdI can go on, but each step I feel is simple to execute and doesn't require knowledge from any subsequent step. As for how I know what the steps are, I am following some tutorials or docs online like this, digging through man pages, and personal experience.