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Russia cannot meaningfully compete against American naval dominance in the Caribbean. Their navy has been in decline for so long. Russia is incapable of projecting power in Cuba. Even the Soviets were - they couldn't and didn't attempt to break the blockade during the Cuban missile crisis.

Only a small portion of Russian naval vessels are capable of traversing the Atlantic without refueling to Cuba in the first place. They no longer have carrier strike groups as the Soviets did. Their submarine fleet has also diminished considerably, and what's left is needed elsewhere for the very important task of maintaining nuclear deterrence and cannot be spared. Submarines are also not offensive instruments. If a submarine makes its presence known, it is a sitting duck.

If the US decides to attack Russian escorts to Cuba, then that is reason for the warmongerers at NATO to active article 5 and attack Russia on land. And Russia is not going to win naval battles either - the offensive capabilities of the US Navy are unmatched (perhaps except by China, due to their extensive collection of anti ship missiles, but they only work near China)