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Super easy. Technology has existed for quite some time and was already used in the encrpytion of web traffic.
Basically: you sign up with your "age verification institution" (ideally a service of your government because they have your ID anyway and no profit motive). This involves createing a private key (reaaaaaaaaaaly long password that is saved in a file on your device) and saving the public key with that institution. They also check your ID to ensure your identity and your age.
When you want to visit a 18+ website, the website sends you a nonce (loooooong random number). You take that nonce and send it to the verifier, along with a signature of your private key (and the age they want you verified against). The verifier verifies your signature using your public key. They then sign the nonce with their own private key, thereby verifying, that you, the owner of your private key (whos identity and age they have verified) are above the asked age theshould. You then send the signed nonce back to the 18+ website and they can verifiy the signature to confirm that a trusted age verifier has verified your age.
The site never has access to your identity and the verifier never knows which site you visited, only that you wanted to visit a website that wants to know if you are of a certain age.
(The corresponding technology was used for OCSP Stapling in TLS verification ... and has been discontinued last year because nobody was using it ...)
Technically this works EXCEPT the required third party. Either it’s the government and you have to trust them with information of knowing everything that required age verification or its separate company that can and would sell your data to data brokers. Being free and NOT the government seems mutually exclusive.
The verifier does not have the information which sites you use. That's the point of the setup. All communication goes through you, never the site to the verifier directly. You only pass cryptographic values between them that does not include identifiable information (neither about you to the website, nor about the website to the verifier). The verifier knows who you are, the website knows that you are old enough. Nothing else.
Oh I missed that separation before. Ok my bad.
Zero-knowledge proofs still require that third party but only once, to issue it initially. Then the user can issue their own proofs locally
So it’s like generating a CA and then signing your own certs.
More like getting a TLS domain cert from a CA both sides recognize, but yeah
You can use a government issued certificate to generate your own age proofs without their involvement.
I doubt this doesn't actually leave a paper trail.
At some point, you send that nonce to an age-verifier service. So they can keep track of it, and if the 18+ website you visited at some point later wants to know your identity, they can ask the age-verifier service who asked for that nonce to be signed.
This involves that two organizations are corrupt, however: both the 18+ website and the age-verifying service. Law could mandate that they both cooperate, however, thus creating a single point of (privacy) failure.
I still believe it is doable, however. Check my other comment involving a piece of paper that is drawn from a box. My method relies on the fact that the age-verifying service doesn't actually know which code they gave you, just that they gave you one. For digital services, seevices can always keep track of their input/output, which is not always possible in real life.