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There is nothing in the constitution directly disallowing extreme racial gerrymanders. Those are unlawful not because they're unconditional, but because they're prohibited by the voting rights act.
Congress could very well have passed simple laws banning racial and gender disenfranchisement in federal elections. The amendments were necessary to impose a rule on sub-federal elections and to keep a mere majority from taking the franchise away.
The US Constituon is neither very long nor hard to read, and it has oodles of text that Congress could invoke to ban the gerrymandering of congressional districts:
US Constitution article 1 section 4:
Article 4, section 4:
14th amendment section 2:
Which is backed by the US constitution and in particular the 14th amendment. The "Equal Protection Clause" of the 14th amendment in particular is frequently cited in challenges to racial gerrymandering.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_v._Johnson
SCOTUS rulings are not the constitution. While the country operated on the idea that a supreme court ruling was final law for a few decades, the Roberts court forever destroyed the idea of binding precedent when they discarded Roe v Wade.
Racial gerrymandering is now effectively constitutional so long as there's a fig leaf of partisanship. While SCOTUS could plausibly jump the other way in the future, Congress is literally the primary body of the US federal government, and has all the power they want to ban gerrymandering in house districts and plausibly even local jurisdictions.
Which is why... I'm saying... We need a constitutional amendment... to make it illegal outright to gerrymander.
I don't mean to argue that an amendment wouldn't work, or be the correct next-step. We just don't need to wait for one, just like we didnt need one to pass a law making an officiated gay marriage legit in every state no matter what local laws say.
It's like SCOTUS reform. Sure, we should pass an amendment and enshrine the reform into a hard-to-revert form, but that shouldn't stop us from defining good behavior and kicking Scalia to the curb.