CAD

Flatbed scanner -- takes a image along a single line, with no perspective distortions. Additionally, I believe I've seen some people set up cameras that can do the same thing, basically taking pictures overhead directly and laying all of that out as 'layers' on top of one another and getting rid of anything that was not in the 'center' of the picture in order to minimize distortions.

I think there's also some sort of trick with taking the photo from far away? I'm no photography expert, but I believe I've also been told that the further away you are from the object, the less perspective distortion you get. I'm not sure on this.

The easiest option is to take a photo from very far away with a long focal length lens. The longer the better. At least a 200mm focal length. You need a real camera and lens for that, and they aren't free. And you can't always get far away from your subject.

Other people mentioned a flatbed scanner. Excellent choice.

When I've needed to do this for something that didn't fit on a flatbed scanner, I've used photogrammetry. Bonus is that you probably already have everything you need.

Requirements:

1. Any camera. A phone is fine.
2. A computer with a GPU. An NVidia GPU is better for some software, but maybe times have changed, and this likely only affects the speed.
3. Photogrammetry software. I used 3D Zephyr which has a free version limited to 20 input photos, and I've also tried Meshroom, which is FOSS, but I don't remember if it worked well for me. (Thanks @Rentlar@lemmy.ca !)
4. A ruler or something you can attach to the object for scale. I've often used masking tape with lines at a known distance, the father apart the better.

Overall process:

1. Tape a ruler to the object for scale.
2. Take a bunch of photos from different angles.
3. Load them into the photogrammetry software and let it do it's thing.
4. Take the resultant textured object into Blender and rotate it until it's perfectly parallel to a coordinate plane. (This is actually not easy [^1])
5. Position the camera perpendicular to that plane and change it to orthographic rendering.
6. Render an image.
7. Use the image as a canvas in my CAD software, being sure to calibrate its size using the ruler contained in the image from step 1.
8. Trace the image.

This allowed me to measure the position of a whole bunch of really oddly placed screw holes on a 30x30" section of a wall with <1mm accuracy, allowing me to laser cut a thin sheet of plywood having holes in those same locations.

[^1]: Your object will be imported in a random orientaion, and your resultant mesh won't have anything actually flat on it. You can't just pick one poly of the mesh and say "make this poly parallel to my intended plane". It will be rotated in some random way. Especially if the object is something random and bumpy like a brick wall. Even being off by a couple degrees ruins the result. I had to create a cube the size of my object and intersect it with my object, moving and rotating the cube until it visually appeared to be parallel to my object. It was like floating my object in water (the cube) until the surface of the water filled the nooks and crannies of my object more-or-less equally. Then I noted the rotation of that cube and applied the same negative rotation to my object.

I remember using a flatbed scanner then overlay the image in inkscape, scaling according to the scanned ruler. Don't remember which menus there exactly, though. Was somewhat longish ago.

Take a picture, or multiple pictures, while your object is on grid paper, then you can adjust the image to remove distortion.

A copystand, a used DSLR, and cheap autofocus macro lens that's in the lensfun database should get you pretty close.

Mushroom*. Flatbed scanner. Telecentric lens...the only issue is that using a telocentric lens means that your object has to be smaller than the lens diameter.