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Placement changes the frequency response dramatically. Closer to the fretboard means deeper resonance, closer to the bridge means higher. What this means for guitar players is that you will have a more direct punchier sound near the bridge and a more mellow sound near the neck. How this applies to what players do with them depends entirely on the genre.
More pickups means more options, but most of my guitars only have 2 pickups and I never use the middle one in the guitar that has 3.
There is a LOT of nuance between pickup choices. Identical pickups will sound different depending on where they are relative to the bridge, AND where the player chooses to pick the strong.
A pickup near the bridge is going to sound twangier, and one near the fretboard is going to sound mellower. The one in the middle will create a sound between those. After that, depending on the kind of switch you have, you can combine pickups, and find even more tones.
Combine those pickup choices with different picking locations on the string, and the tones will change even more. Add in the tone and volume controls, and you can manipulate the tones even further. And all that is possible before you start getting into pedals and amp configurations.
Then there are different kinds of pickup configurations depending on the model. Strats have 3 single coil pickups, while Teles have 2 single coils. Les Paul's have 2 humbuckers, some guitars use P90s, and some use other choices, or make their own. Some guitars combine multiple types of pickups for different sounds. I like HSS Strats, which have 2 single coils, and 1 humbucker, for a wider tonal selection. Usually the humbucker is by the bridge, but I've seen it in the middle, and up by the fretboard. If I was building it, I'd probably put it in the middle.
Basically, anything goes, so don't worry too much. For your first try, you might want to just emulate an already accepted configuration like SSS, especially if that's all you've got.
Not all guitars have 3 pickups.
The placement of the pickup makes a big difference in the harmonic overtones that will be picked up.
The harmonic overtones greatly influence the tone.
On top of what others have said, I don’t think there’s an objective “place where you strum” like on my bass, I use a pick and play resting on the bridge, so all my picking is just in front of the bridge. It gives a lot more bite that I like in my sound.
On my telecaster, I do the same, for that twinkly twang. On my 7 string, I play closer to what would be considered “the place” but still leave my pickup selection at the bridge, again, to help get me out of the muddy range.
I imagine that the convention just became placing 2-3 evenly spaced between the neck and bridge, because with a switch and blend pot, a single model could accommodate any kind of player.
That does make sense, in all the videos I've seen since, guitar players can be all over the area and even up the neck. My assumption had been that the open space between the 2nd and 3rd pickup, or second and hum bucker on some models, was to give a designated area so your paying doesn't directly affect the pickup but it looks like in practice that's neither here nor there.
People with bad technique may have problems with a pickup being near where they play. This is a player problem, of course because depending on the response you want, you need to play on various parts of the string.
There's no real connection with pickup placement. It's purely the desired frequency response. Just like the playing position.
On a bass, players sometimes use a pickup to anchor their thumb, so having a convenient spot can be handy. Some even attach a bridge across the top to have a shelf for any spot.