The reason for the great filter is probably just radio attenuation and sci-fi megastructures can't really happen because the materials to make them aren't possible. Plus, there's another theory that people stop using big, messy radio in favor of laser and fiber pretty quickly. Like we're already going there after only a century. To actually spot someone else on radio they'd need to be using really, really, really loud and messy radio from fairly close by.
Fossil fuels are primarily from marine plankton rather than any big animals like dinosaurs. you could skip them straight to nuclear, or you could manufacture your own hydrocarbons, or a whole bunch of other things.
The most boring answer that isn't some dumb "Dark Forest" crap is just that folks are really far away, and living in space sucks and there's no real reason to actually do it, and the mega structures people think ought to be everywhere aren't actually physically possible, assuming anyone even wanted to make the silly things in the first place. Everyone assumes we're going to go up the Kardashev scale instead of just figuring out a nice population balance and retiring to a little cottage in the alps or something. Can you imagine actually building a Dyson sphere? What would you do with it? Who would vacuum the thing? How would you deliver the mail? It's silly, the dreams of children who can only think of getting bigger and bigger.