That would be 7k developers.

How can that many developers work on a single product? AFAIK, they can't.

Why shouldn't it? It's not only a game engine, Unity is also trying to place their technology in the movie industry and in the manufacturing industry. And they are also operating an ad service, which is also requiring sales people.

I'm going to assert a few things up front:

• A company that is struggling to keep its head above water should not be paying 2.5 billion to shareholders. The mechanism - dividends or buybacks - is not the problem.
• There's a hidden assumption in your first statement. Just because dividends have always existed does not mean they necessary or optimal. I actually don't have an answer to that, only that it is an assumption worth challenging.
• I'm typing this on an M2 Macbook Air. It is an incredible technical achievement, and creating it provides real tangible value to society in its own small way that wouldn't have existed without Apple. Apple is not struggling.
• However, Apple has 164,000 Apple Store employees. Apple Stores are part of Apple's successful business strategy, and the retail employees are by extension part of Apple's success. How many of them are paid enough to make their jobs a career? That 14 billion comes out to ~$85k per Apple Store employee.
• 401(k)s are a terrible way to do retirement, and I say this as someone who has a shot at retiring. Crumbs being chucked at me doesn't change my stance. The stories of people who ran out from nursing home stints or medical bills or whatever are just starting to trickle out.

Since you are reading a lot into my comment I'm going to read a lot into yours. Why are things different now? The rules of the (United States) game changed, and checks against this behavior have been nullified. Value creation is a means to an end: acquire as much power as possible, and flex that to siphon value off for your shareholders.

That's what Unity is doing. They are flexing their power to extract value from its customers. If you use Unity, what are you going to do? Unreal is a different beast with a different target audience. Godot is untested, and I don't blame anyone that hesitates hitching themselves to a noncommercial open source project. Porting a game to a different engine may not even be realistic anyway.

So everyone will stomp their feet and complain and mostly keep on using Unity. Some day they'll push too hard and that'll be the end of them, but what do the shareholders care? They got paid. Onto the next one.

The 11 million is irritating given how it's more than most will make in a lifetime being paid to someone who is incompetent. The 2.5 billion is why Unity is forced to resort to destructive behaviors to stay afloat. The incentives for companies to act this, and lack of checks against it, are why the economy is broken.

Dividends only work if the company has profited. In Unity's case, if you bought shares in 2017 and waited for dividends, you'd only get them last year.

Buybacks are basically paying for investor "promises", "I know you're not profitable, but I'll buy 1 million shares today if you promise to buy them back 2 years from now". Works great with companies that "need" to operate in the red for several consecutive years until they're actually profitable, like Twitter or Uber

Lowe's was being discussed as a company that was particularly bad for paying its workers poor wages. I don't think the math really changes much no matter where you go. Feel free to name whatever company you want though and I'll gladly crunch the numbers. I did McDonald's a while back, and while I don't remember the exact figures, you could eliminate most of the exec team without materially affecting worker pay.

If you spend all your money on CEO salaries, bonuses, buildings

I don't think it materially affects things, but you're moving the goal posts here. Buildings are a legitimate business expense. Lots of employees get paid bonuses.

To throw another company at you, the CEO of Ford had a total comp of $20,996,146 in 2022. Ford has somewhere around 170,000 employees. Liquidating him (which is a bit questionable, given that a lot of CEO compensation is in company stock, and part of that stocks' value comes from the fact that the CEO holds it) and distributing that value evenly to all employees gives every employee a grand raise of $123 a year, or about $10 a month. So, in exchange for losing the CEO, everyone gets to go to Starbucks twice a month.

Sure, there are more execs than the CEO, but there aren't that many, and they'll naturally be paid less as well. The fact of the matter is that exec pay really isn't a huge portion of the company's overall labor costs.